Today in History: January 1-3
Today in History: January 1-3
The Cuban Revolution is victorious, Martin Luther is excommunicated, and more
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January 1, 1001: As was the case with Christmas, January 1 tended to be a popular day for crowning medieval monarchs. There are way too many of those to list here, and anyway most of them turned out to be fairly unimportant. One that was relatively significant was the crowning of Stephen I, the very first king of Hungary. Stephen had been ruling Hungary since 997, but prior to 1001 the ruler of Hungary went by the title “Grand Prince of the Hungarians,” reflecting the fact that they were elected by and subject to the Hungarian nobility. Stephen sought the title of king to demonstrate his authority over the nobles and to put him on par with other national leaders in Europe. He was probably crowned by Pope Sylvester II on January 1, 1001, although thanks to some ambiguous chronicling there’s an outside chance it actually happened on Christmas Day 1000.
January 1, 1801: The Acts of Union, parallel bills passed in the British and Irish parliaments the previous summer, come into effect, creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish and English crowns had been in personal union since 1542, when the Crown of Ireland Act elevated the Lordship of Ireland into a full Kingship, and that personal union continued when the English crown became the British crown after the 1707 Act of Union merged England and Scotland. So the 1800 Acts of Union merged two kingdoms that were already ruled by the same person. The 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence ended the union for most of Ireland and is the reason why it’s now the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
January 1, 1804: The Haitian Revolution ends when new President Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Haiti’s independence from France. As with royal coronations, January 1 has also been a popular date for national independence days. In addition to Haiti, this is also Independence Day for Brunei (1984, from the UK), Cameroon (1960, from France and the UK), and Sudan (1956, from Egypt and the UK).
January 1, 1959: The Cuban Revolution ends with dictator Fulgencio Batista fleeing for the Dominican Republic hours after the rebel capture of Santa Clara. Revolutionary forces then entered the cities of Havana and Santiago de Cuba, with revolutionary leader Fidel Castro finally reaching the Cuban capital on January 8 after an extended victory march. Castro’s relationship with the United States went from chilly to hostile as The Gang in Washington began to fear that the revolution would spark other communist uprisings in the Americas. When the new Cuban government nationalized US-owned oil refineries on Cuban soil in August 1960, the US government responded by expanding its embargo on arms exports to Cuba to cover just about everything else. That embargo remains in effect to the present day.
January 2, 1492: The rulers of the Emirate of Granada surrender their polity to the proto-Spanish monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Said surrender had been negotiated the previous November so this event was purely a formality, but it is treated as the official end date of the so-called Reconquista.
January 2, 1680: Sunan Amangkurat II, ruler of the Javanese Mataram Sultanate, personally (with a little help) executes rebel leader Trunajaya while the latter was in the custody of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Trunajaya was a claimant to the throne of the island of Madura, located just off of Java’s northeastern coast, and had raised a rebellion against Sunan Amangkurat I in 1674 as the leader of a group of predominantly eastern Javanese nobles who were outraged at the brutality of Amangkurat I’s reign. Amangkurat II appears to have had some early sympathy for Trunajaya and the disaffected nobles, but by the time he succeeded his father in 1677 he was fully opposed to their uprising. While initially very successful—even seizing the Mataram capital of Plered in 1677—Trunajaya’s campaign ultimately faltered after the VOC intervened and he was captured in late December 1679. His capture and execution ended the rebellion, but Amangkurat II quickly had to pivot to deal with a revolt by his brother, Pangeran Puger, which he and the Dutch finally suppressed in late 1681. Amangkurat II pardoned his brother, who later (with VOC help) ousted his nephew Amangkurat III in the First Javanese War of Succession and ruled the sultanate under the regal name Pakubuwono I from 1705 until his death in 1719. As part of its price for supporting Pakubuwono I, the VOC was granted control over several territories including the eastern part of Madura.
January 2, 1963: Despite being outnumbered roughly five to one, a unit of around 350 Việt Cộng fighters defeats a joint South Vietnamese-US force at the Battle of Ấp Bắc in South Vietnam’s Định Tường province, withdrawing only when it began to run out of ammunition. The battle was the first VC victory in a pitched battle against the South Vietnamese military and as such was both a substantial morale boost to their war effort and a major embarrassment for the South Vietnamese government.
January 3, 1521: Pope Leo X issues a bull, titled Decet Romanum Pontificem, in which he excommunicates Martin Luther. Leo had threatened to excommunicate Luther in a bull issued the previous year that Luther made a show of burning in defiance. Leo presumably expected that Luthor’s excommunication would undermine the latter’s criticisms of the Catholic Church. With the benefit of hindsight I think we can conclude it didn’t quite work out that way. Luthor’s excommunication remains in effect despite appeals by Lutherans over the last few decades to lift it.
January 3, 1868: Japanese Emperor Meiji issues an edict declaring an end to the powerful Tokugawa Shogunate and a restoration of the authority of the emperor—marking the “Meiji Restoration.” Although the last Tokugawa Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, had resigned in November 1867 it was this edict that really marked the political end of the shogunate and the establishment of a centralized imperial government. Tokugawa Yoshinobu would subsequently lead an unsuccessful rebellion against the Meiji Restoration that began in late January.
January 3, 1919: In the lead up to the Paris Peace Conference, Arab Revolt leader Faysal b. Hussein and Zionist activist Chaim Weizmann conclude an agreement under which Faysal agrees to support a Jewish homeland in Ottoman (soon to be British) Palestine while Weizmann agrees to support the creation and development of an Arab state under Faysal’s father, King Hussein of the Hejaz.